Popular Posts

Sunday 26 April 2015

SSC 2015 EXAM GUIDANCE

Staff Selection Commission CGL 2015 is the exam which provide the jobs in Central Government.The exam for this year will be conducted in the month of Aug 2015. Be prepared for the battle. I am starting this blog for the freshers who donot have an idea about SSC.I will come up with news of SSC daily.

SSC CGL decided to conduct the exam online for the coming years.

Much awaited SSC CGL 2015 notification has come out


Hai SSC CGL Aspirants i am going to start the preparation for general awareness which is useful for the coming exam in the month of Aug 2015.I will be preparing notes from each topic by taken into the account of ncert text books Daily i will start the putting the notes in my blog people who are interested can follow my blog. Firstly i will start with General science.


Hai friends as i said i will come up with the notes Today i am starting with General Science of class 7th.


                                                              Nutrition in Plants

  • The components of food are classified as Carbohydrates, Proteins, fats, Vitamins and Minerals.
  • These are treated as nutrients of food
  • Plants prepare the food by themselves with the use of water, carbon dioxide and minerals.
  • The mode of nutrition in which organisms make food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic Eg Plants
  • heterotrophs which take the food that is readily available
  • In the plants food is prepared in leaves
  • Roots absorb water from soil and transport to leaves where the synthesis takes place.
  • Carbon dioxide in air is taken through the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves.These pores are surrounded by guard cells called stomata.
  • livings organism are made of tiny particles which are called as cells
  • cell is covered by thin outer boundary called the cell membrane
  • central part of a cell is called nucleus
  • nucleus is surrounded by jelly like substance called cytoplsm 
  • chlorophyll is the green pigment present in leaves
  • synthesis takes place in the presence of sunlight so called photosynthesis.
  • Carbon dioxide + water---------carbohydrates+oxygen
  • Carbohydrates are converted into starch when the oxygen is released
  • photosynthesis also takes place in different colors of leaves
  • Algae is green in color due to chlorophyll present in it.
  • Cuscata is a plant which is not having chlorophyll but depend on another plant .The plant which it climbs is called host
  • Insect eating plants are called as insectivorous plants Eg Pitcher
  • The bacterium called Rhizobium takes the atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into soluble form
                                                            Nutrition in Animals


  • In the process of digestion, complex substances are broken down in simpler substances.
  • Star fish depends on the food that is covered by hard shells containing calcium carbonate.
  • In human body there will be a alementary canal which constitutes various parts namely buccal cavity, food pipe or oesophagus, stomach, small intestine,large intestine ending in rectum and the last one is Anus.
  • Salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas secrete digestive juices.
  • The glands with digestive track will form digestive system.
  • Ingestion means taking food
  • Starch is broken down into sugar by use of saliva.
  • If  we donot brush after taking the food the sugars present in the left over food causes acids which in turn damages the teeth called tooth  decay
  • Stomach receives food from one side and send to small intestine from the other end.
  • Small intestine length 7.5mts long
  • liver is present at the top of abdomen and is the largest gland in the human body
  • liver is reddish brown color
  • it secretes bile juice that is stored in a sac called gall bladder
  • Pancreas is cream in colour
  • Villi present in small intestine will increase the absorption of digested food.
  • Undigested food will be transfered to large intestine
  • Large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine
  • Large intestine size in 1.5mts
  • The unwanted things are moved to anus through the process called egestion
  • Animals like buffaloe will store the food in the place called Rumen.
  • Partial digestion takes place in such animals called as CUD
  • Classification of above animals are called as Ruminants.
  • Amoeba will not have any intestines it does the process by means of pseudopodia.
                                                            FIBRE TO FABRIC
  • Fibre is prepared from plants
  • Wool is prepared from sheep hair(Fleece)
  • Preparing of wool involves different stages namely shearing ,scouring in tanks,scouring by machines,rolling into yarn,
  • The disease by doing such kind of work is ANTHRAX
  • The process of taking out threads from the cocoon for the use as silk is called reeling the silk
                                                                      HEAT 

  • Hottness of a an object is nothing but temperature.
  • Generally temperature is measured with Thermometer.
  • Thermometer used to measure our body is called clinical thermometer.
  • A clinical thermometer recall temperature from 32 degree to  42 degrees
  • The normal temperature of human body is 37degree
  • Laboratory thermometer will measure  -10 deg to  110 degree
  • General principle heat flows from hotter object to colder object.
  • the above principle generally called conduction
  • Insulators donot allow the heat to pass through it
                                                            Acids Bases and Salts

  • The substance which taste sour contain acids which are acidic in nature
  • latin word for acid is acere
  • Substances which are bitter in taste and feel soapy called bases Nature of such substances will be Basic.
  • Indicators are those which changes by adding acids or bases
  • Litmus is natural inicator
  • it changes to red when acids are added, turns blue when added to basic solution.
  • if there is no change in color it is neutral solution
  • The reaction between acid and base is known as neutralisation
  • During neutralisation salts and water are produced with the evolution of heat
                                                  Physical and Chemical changes
  • Properties that are related to shape,size, colour  and state of substance called physical properties
  • Change in physical properties is called physical change.
  • No new substance will be formed when physical change take place and it is reversible.
  • In any change if more than one susbtance is formed it is chemical change and reaction is called chemical reaction
  • In order to avoid rust on iron, a layer of zinc is deposited on iron which is called as galvanisation.
  • Crystallization is the example of Physical change

Tuesday 21 April 2015

PART TIME/FULL TIME JOB SEARCHERS

JOB SEARCHERS

Hai friends as we in a position where there is a lot of unemployment in our country. I from my side

giving you the information about the sites which give a beautiful opportunity to work from your

home and from any place you like.

The following site will help you a lot and trust me its a 100% genuine site for part time/ full time

employees



  • FREELANCER.COM



  • ELANCE.COM



  • GURU.COM


    Once you register in the above said websites projects will be alloted based on your back ground


     Hai friends there are some websites which pay money by listing to the music tracks.
     MUSICXRAY is  the website which pays you for listing music

JAIIB/CAIIB Preparation Guidance

Dear Jaiib/Caiib Aspirants ,


Hai to everyone.you have choosen the right path i.e entering into  banking industry .For climbing of

ladder in banking you need to clear some exams namely JAIIB/CAIIB which are treated as backbone

for promotions in future in addition you will get increment once these exams are cleared.

For clerks you will have two increments in you basic

For officer one increment in there basic


Firstly these exams are conducted by IIBF which is governing body for these exams.You need to get

membership from the institute by paying fees, later you need to pay exam fees separately.Generally

exams will be conducted twice in year month of May and November

Once you pay the fee for jaiib, you have to complete the three subjects in four attempts ie two slots.


The subjects in Jaiib are as follows

1.Principles and Practices of banking

2.Accounts and finance for bankers

3.legal and regualtory Aspects of banking


Recently syllabus is changed for Jaiib i will provide you the Module wise notes in my blog.


Firstly I will start with Principles and Practices of Banking Module A followed by next Modules and

so on......



                                                              MODULE A: 

                                              1.  INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

  • In  general financial system follows some structure which mobilize the money from the area where there is a surplus and allocate or distribute to the needy.
  • Financial system means SAVINGS   -----------> Investments.
  • Investors --------- Financial system (Intermediates)----------- Spenders
  • Examples of FI's are Banks,Financial Institutions, Mutual Funds

      Financial Markets are classified into Money Market, Debt Market, Forex Market, Capital Market

      Debt Market classified as Govt Sec and Bonds
    
      Govt securities may be state govt and central govt

      Bonds may be FI bonds, PSU bonds, Corporate securities

      Money Market  are classified as call/notice,T.bills,Term Money,CD, ICD, CP, Repo ,Commerical       Bills


     Roles Played by Central  Banking Authority:  Two important Roles


  • Monetory Control includes controlling inflation and banking supervision and used CRR and SLR
  • Prime rates are controlled by bank rate repo rate CRR SLR
  • it acts lender of last resort
  • helps in efficient payment and settlement system
  • Dept of supervision of rbi will look after commercial banks in india
     Commercial banks means public sector banks foreign banks old and new private sector banks.

     They accept the deposits from the public for the purpose of lending.

     There are non banking financial institutions who accepts deposits from the public and also do the        lending. They are governed by RBI and doesnot require license to operate.

    Primary Dealers:

    They deal with primary and secondary markets.They will be engaged in Govt securities and also         play an important role in strengthening of  govt securities market.

   Financial Institutions are under offsite and  onsite surveillance of rbi. FI provide long term funds to    industry and agriculture.

   To help rural based industries cooperative banks have come into existence.Urban Cooperative  are      controlled by State govt and Rbi other cooperative banks are controlled by NABARD and State          Govt

   Central bank maintain accounts and deposits of government and carry out their cash management        through issue of bonds and Treasury Bills

   As per sec 42(1) of rbi act 1934 CRR is mandatory deposit that should be maintained by                      commercial banks. it is the percentage of Net Demand and Time liabilites

  SLR should be in the form of government securities ie gold cash. The ratio of liquid assets to  demand and time liabilities is known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio. The increase or decrease in the  CRR and SLR contracts or expands credit creation

  All securities quoted on stock exchanges and freely bought and sold on these exchanges can be           issued only after obtaining approval of the capital market regulator viz., SEBI.
  


 A stock exchange is for sale and purchase of securities on behalf of investors. They provide clearing house facilities for netting of payments and securities delivery. Clearing houses guarantee all payments and deliveries. Securities include equities, debt and derivatives.

Brokers approved by the capital market regulator can operate on the stock exchange. Brokers perform the job of intermediating between buyers and sellers of securities.

Companies wishing to raise equity or debt through stock exchanges have to approach a capital market regulator with the prescribed applications and a *proforma prospectus for permission to raise equity and debt and to get them listed on a stock exchange.

Merchant banks undertake a number of activities such as undertaking the issue of stocks, fund raising and management. They also provide advisory services and counsel on mergers and acquisitions etc. They are licensed by the capital market regulators.

FIIs are foreign-based funds authorised by the Capital Market Regulator to invest in the Indian equity and debt market through stock exchanges.

Depositories hold securities in demat form (as opposed to physical form), maintain accounts of depository participants who, in turn, maintain sub-accounts of their customers. On instructions of the stock exchange clearing house, supported by documentation, a depository transfers securities from the buyers to sellers accounts in electronic form.

A mutual fund is a form of Collective Investment that pools money from investors and invests in Stocks, Debt and other Securities. It is a less risky investment option for an individual investor. Mutual funds require the regulators approval to start an asset management company (the fund) and each scheme has to be approved by the regulator before it is launched.

Registrars maintain a register of share and debenture holders and process share and debenture allocation, when issues are subscribed

Regulator for Insurance business, both general and life assurance. Regulates all aspects of insurance business, including licensing of insurance companies, framing regulations about the conduct of business and supervising all insurance activities in the country etc.

Multi commodity exchange in india started in Nov 2003 it is the first listed exchange in india


                                                  2   BANKING REGULATION
 

  •  Banking system in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India as the central banking authority in  the country.
  • In India  the banking system is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India, in terms of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was constituted under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and started functioning with effect from 1 April, 1935
  • RBI is a state owned institution under the Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) of India Act, 1948. This Act empowers the Union Government, in consultation with the Governor of the RBI, to issue such directions to RBI as considered necessary in public interest. The Governor and four Deputy Governors of RBI are appointed by the Union Government. The control of the RBI vests in the Central Board of Directors, that comprises the Governor, four Deputy Governors and 15 Directors nominated by the Union Government. 
  • The main objectives of the RBI are contained in the preamble of the RBI Act, 1934. It reads 'Whereas it is expedient to constitute a Reserve Bank for India to regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage'. The main objectives of RBI may be stated as follows in specific terms:
    I. To maintain monetary stability such that the business and economic life of the country can deliver the welfare gains of a mixed economy,
    II. To maintain financial stability and ensure sound financial institutions so that economic units can conduct their business with confidence,
    III. To maintain stable payment systems, so that financial transactions can be safely and efficiently executed,
    IV.To ensure that credit allocation by the financial system broadly reflects the national economic priorities and social concerns,
    V.  To regulate the overall volume of money and credit in the economy to ensure a reasonable degree of price stability,
    VI. To promote the development of financial markets and systems to enable itself to operate/regulate efficiently.
The following are the functions perfromed by RBI

  • Monetary Authority
  • Issuer of Currency
  • Banker and Debt Manager to government
  • Bankers to bank
  • Regulatory of banking system
  • Manager of foreign exchange
  • Maintaining Financial stability
  • controlling payment systems
Urban cooperative banks are  included in the second schedule of  rbi based on following conditions

  • DTL should be greater than 750 cr
  • Min CRAR 12%
  • profit should be for continuous previous three years
  • Gross NPA not exceeding 5%
  • CRR and SLR requirement 
 3   RETAIL BANKING WHOLESALE BANKING INTERNATIONAL BANKING ADR GDR                                                            AND PARTICIPATORY NOTES







Sunday 12 April 2015

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS

G K FOR 12th APRIL


  • MAKE IN INDIA MEANS MANUFACTURING IN INDIA.
  • PM VISITED TO GERMANY TO DISCUSS ABOUT "MAKE IN INDIA" PROGRAMME.
  • IT WAS HELD IN  HANN OVER.
  • GERMAN CHANCELLOR ANGELA  MERKEL.
  • TIME IS EXTENDED FOR THE PEOPLE WHO COMPLETE THEIR STUDY IN FRANCE.
  • EXTENDED UP TO ONE YEAR.
  • ITS A MUTUAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN FRANCE AND INDIA
  • FRANCE PRESIDENT FRANCIS HOOLAND
  • TREE OF LIFE PAINTING WAS PRESENTED TO PM MODI BY FRANCE PRESIDENT
  • M .K. GANDHI STATUE WAS INAUGURATED IN GERMANY

BUSINESS:


  •       SBI REDUCES ITS HOME LOANS INTEREST RATES BY 0.25%

                        FOR FEMALE 9.85%
                        OTHERS 9.90%

SPORTS:

  • IN THE FIELD OF TENNIS DOUBLE CATEGORY SANIA MIRZA BECAME FIRST IN WORLD 
  • SHE WAS THE FIRST INDIAN WOMAN .
  • SHE ALONG WITH SWITZERLAND STAR MARTYN HINGUS BAGGED THE FAMILY CIRCLE CUP
  • IT WAS HELD IN CHARLESTON (AMERICA)
  • THIS COMBINATION OF DOUBLE PLAYERS HAVE ALREADY WON INDIAN WILLS OPEN AND MIAMI OPEN
HOCKEY:

  • AZLAN SHAH CUP INDIA SECURED 3RD POSITION
  • NEWZEALAND TOPS AND AUSTRALIA IS 2ND
FORMULAE 1

  • LEWIS HAMILTION WON THE CHINA GRAND PRIX
  • HE TOPS THE POINTS TABLE OF DRIVER CHAMPIONSHIP
APRIL 26th:
  • Many People were killed in massive earth quake in Nepal. More than 80% of districts were effected.Relief Package was released by Nepal government around about 500 million rupees.
  • Prime minister Sushil Koirala govt declared emergency in effected areas.
  • "Keep it in the ground" campaign was launched by Alan Rusbridger.
  • BCCI Chair person Jagmohan Dalmiya.
  • Five billion people are not having access to safe and affordable surgery and anaesthesia.
  • Motor vehicle tax causes burden for both Telangana and AP state Truck and Cab operators.
  • Sangeeeta Bhatia won Heinz Award 2015 for her work in  human microlivers for drug testing.$250000 wash the prize money.This award is given for the fields of humanities, environment, human condition, public policy, technology, employment and  economy.
  • Actor Neetu Agarwal in red sanders smuggling case and she is arrested  in kurnool
  • PM Modi will visit UK shortly.
  • London Marathon resultls : Men : Eliud Kipchoge (kenya)  Women : Tigist Tufa (Ethiopian)
  • Masudur Rahman baidya 46 swimmer passes away
  • CSK beat Kings XI punjab by 97 runs  Man of the Match Mccullum
  • Magnus carlsen toped the world chess ranking 2nd by Viswanathan Anand(india).
APRIL 27th;
  • The death count has raised to 4000 in saturday's earthquake with a Magnitude of 7.9 in Nepal.
  • TRS party leader K.Chandrashekar rao says that Two BedRoom scheme will be launched in the month of may.
  • BJP President Amit Shah
  • Chief justice of india H.L Dattu says that he will not  participate in National Judicial Appointments Commission
  • U.S and Japan  has come up with new defence rules.U.S secretary of state John Kerry Defence Secretary  Ashton Carter had a meeting with Japan Foreign minister Fumino Kishida and Defence Minister Nakatani
  • Capgemini buys IGate for $4 billion 
  • NDTV co founder Dr. Prannoy Roy will be honoured with 2015 lifetime achievement award for excellence in journalism
  • Scroll.in is awarded as the "News Start up of the Year"
      Sorry Friend i could not provide GK updates for the last few days.Here onwards daily Current               affairs will be provided without fail

May 17th:


  • Agastya Jaiswal become the youngest in india to clear the ssc board exams with 7.5 GPA
  • Chief Election Commissioner Nasim Zaidi 
  • SRM university chennai based,will be the first university in india for launching satellite on moon by 2018
  • India is going to provide $1 billion of line of credit to mongolia for infrastructure development.
  • President of mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
  • ASSOCHAM rate MODI for first year of performance 7 out of 10
  • Sudirman cup won by china defeating japan.
  • Brad haddin Australian Wicket keeper retires from one-day internationals
May 18th:

  • Aruna Shanbaug (nurse) who stood for 42 years in COMA died.
  • PM Modi visited South korea. Special  Strategic Partnership has taken place between S.Korea and India
  • Korea will provide $10 billion to india for infrastructure, development of smart cities, railways and power generation.
  • President of south korea Park Geun hye
  • Review economic partnership  agreement by june 2016.
  • Inactivated polio Vaccine will be produced in Hyderabad.
  •  Mother Teresa to be canonised in 2016
  • New BRICS bank head K.V.Kamath.
  • Australian player Chris rigers palns to retire from tests after Ashes series with England this year.
  • Russian Maria Sharapova moves to 2nd position after winning third italian open crown.
May 19th:
  • Sukhoi -30 jet fighter crashed in Assam
  • Jayalalitha will sworn as chief minister on may 23rd
  • Maharastra govt named one of the nurse institute with the name of Shanbaug who died after staying 42years in come yesterday.
  • Pakistan and Afghanisthan tied an agreement with each other for sharing intelligence and bloster cooperation in order to fight Taliban
  • President of srilanka Maithripala sirisena
  • State bank of india launched online overdraft facility for the FD done by customers 90% OD will be provided to customers with interest rate 0.5% more on the fd interest rate which is low in banking industry.
  • MI beat CSK in IPL and entered into finals   
May 20th:

  • On the day on first anniversary by BJP govt , it decided to announce new schemes which aims at social sector.
  • Su-30 MKI fighter jet was successful fired from chandipur of odisha dist.
  • Famous Economist academic and policy advisor Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri passed away.
  • Mou was signed between largest Public sector bank SBI and online shopping Amazon in finding online buyers
  • Harbhajan sigh is back into indian test team which is going to play against Bangladesh.
  • Hungarian Writer Laszlo Krasznahorkai was presented with international man booker prize 2015
  • Prize money was 15000 pounds.
May 21st:

  • The world bank will provide an assistance of about 2500cr for AP's power utilities.
  • INS sindhukirti submarine rusiian made had a sea trail in vizaq
  • Astra air to air missile was succesfully test fired from odhisa district of chandipur
  • I is 3.8 metre long and 15kgs weight (Astra)
  • Youth delphic games will be held in goa next year in the month of feb  generally this games will takes place every 4 years
  • Nelong valley is opened after a long time it is the border present between india and china
  • SBI has tied up with SNAPDEAL to boost MSME which will boost Modi's Make in india initiative
May 22nd:


  • Chief minister of TN Jayalalitha will take the oath for the fifth time .Previously acted was O.Pannerselvam now being reigned. Many supporters of "AMMA " were happy by seeing her coming.

  • Andhra Pradesh state is going to follow Comprehensive Financial Management System(CFMS) for all the financial transactions . It includes budget expenditure HRMS Revenue accounts ways and means and debt management. This will come into effect from june 1st This system is called as "E-Nidhi"

  • Under E-Governance plan Kannada and Culture department will be first in karnataka state to run entirely as Paperless Office

  • Senior IAS officer G Mohan Kumar appointed as new defence secretary for 2 years


  • Steel Authority of india signed MOU with Arcelor Mittal to setup automotive steel Manufacturing joint venture in india

  • Fresh sanctions are obtained from Fin Minister to IOC, BPCL. Amount alloted IOC-2932 cr BPCL 2291cr
MAY27th

  • Govt is planning to introduce UWIN (Unorganised Workers Identification Number)cards for the people working in unorganised sector
  • Former Pm Tony blair resigned as a envoy of middle east Quartet diplomatic group.
  • Viswanathan Anand's mother passes away.
  • Mary ellen MArk photographer passes away
MAY 28th


  • According to "The Global Burden of Cancer 2013" cancer is the second leading cause of death globally.The research was conducted in 188 countries.
  • 14.9 millions new cases were found out of which 8.2 million death were recorded worldwide in the year 2013
  • India is having low incidence of cancer.
  • But the number of cases per million has increased from 700 to 1000 which is a worrying factor.
  • Rajyavardhanrathore is the union minister of state for information and broad.
  • West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee will accompany PM Modi for the visit to Bangladesh
  • Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina along with PM Modi open second Haat (market) in Tripura
  • According to world hunger list In india highest number of hunger people is about 194 million
  • Kochi is selected to host under-17 FIFA world cup in 2017.
MAY 29th
  • GDP of india is moving with a good face, 7.3% during 2014-15, its  is a head of china 
  • Manufacturing sector grew up by 7.1%
  • Pradeep Kumar Sinha appointed as a cabinet secretary
  • UN working group will visit SL in the month of August
  • CUBA is removed from the Blacklist of United States
  • SBI launched online customer acquisition solution which helps customers to apply home loans,car loans,education loans,through online.
  • First "International Yoga day " will be held in Singapore
MAY 30th

  • White Print India first english lifestyle magazine for the visually challenged launched.
  • On June 2nd US Defence Secretary is going to visit india to have a Defence frame work agreement for another ten more years 
  • George Yeo will be the new chancellor for Nalanda University

UPDATES OF BANK EXAMS



STATE BANK OF INDIA HAS COME UP WITH  RECRUITMENT FOR PROBATIONARY

OFFICER FOR THE YEAR 2015-16. THEY DECIDED TO CONDUCT THE EXAMS AS PER 

THE EXAMS THAT ARE CONDUCTED BY IBPS WHICH MEANS TIER 1 AND TIER II


ON LINE REGISTRATION OF APPLICATION 13-04-2015 TO 02-05-2015

PAYMENT OF FEES 13-04-2015 TO 02-05-2015 

BELOW LINK WILL PROVIDE YOU THE OFFICIAL DETAILS FROM  SBI 

Exam will be conducted in the month of June 2015


https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/documents/44978/7348676/SBIPO-2015-Full+English+Advertisement.pdf/fa1e559b-0504-4df6-9d11-534790f1dd95


ALL THE BEST...........WORK HARD 



ICICI Bank PO exam application last date June 30 th 2015  exam probably in the month july

UPDATES OF RBI


  • It has come to the notice of the Reserve Bank of India that an app (application) is doing rounds on What's App purportedly to facilitate checking of balance in customers' bank accounts. The application has an RBI logo with the title 'All Bank Balance Enquiry No' and has listed several banks with either a mobile number or call centre number.

  • The Reserve Bank wishes to clarify that it has not developed any such application. Members of public are, therefore, advised to use the application, if at all, at their own risk.


  • Changes are done in the area of priority sector lending.
  • Government of India announce the sale of four dated securities for Rs 16000 Cr on April 30 th 2015


  • RBI central board of directors meeting held in Goa chaired by Dr. Raghuram G. Rajan, Governor.The Central Board meeting takes placeat  least once every quarter.The main function of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank is to provide overall direction to the Reserve Bank’s affairs.